Bhasha Vyakran

The Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas and Steel, Shri Dharmendra Pradhan and Mr Igor Sechin, CEOand Chairman of Rosneft, held the bilateral meeting here today. Both leaders also witnessed the signing of the first-ever Term Contract between IOCL and Rosneft for importing 2 Million Metric Tonnes of Urals grade crude oil during the year 2020 to India. Sourcing of Russian crude oil through long term contracts is a part of India’s strategy for diversifying the country’s crude oil supplies from non-OPEC countries, and a part of the five-year roadmap for bilateral cooperation in the hydrocarbons sector that was signed during Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi’s visit to Vladivostok last September. The addition of Russia as a new source for crude oil imports by India’s largest refiner will go a long way in mitigating the risks arising out of geo-political disruptions. The new arrangement would also usher in price stability and energy security for India, which is witnessing robust ...

⇒ Economic inequality comprises all disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income.  ⇒ The term typically refers to inequality among individuals, group within society and among countries.  ⇒ There are some indices which are used for measurement of income inequality like Gini Index, Robin Hood Index, Hoover Index and Theil Index.  ⇒ Gini's Index introduces by Italian statistian Corrado Gini (1912) is the most commonly used inequality metrics.  ⇒ A Lorenz Curve is drawn and area between this curve and hypothetical line of absolute equality is taken as Gini Index in percentage form.  ⇒ According to HDR (Human Development Report) 2011, inequality in India for the period 2000-2011 in terms of the income Gini Coefficient was 36.8.  ⇒ India’s Gini Index was more favourable than those of comparable countries like South Africa (57.8), Brazil (53.9), Thailand (53.6), Turkey (39.7), China (41.5), Sri Lanka (40.31), Malaysia (46.2), Vietnam (37.6), even ...

Poverty is a social phenomenon in which a section of the society is unable to even fulfil its basic necessities of life.  ⇒ Poverty is normally defined with respect to poverty line. Poverty line is a cut-off point on the line of distribution which divides the poor and non-poor.  ⇒ Y.K.Alagh Committee in 1978 defined the poverty line as the mid-point of the monthly per capita expenditure class having a daily calories intake of 2400 per person in rural areas and 2100 in urban areas.  ⇒ In 1993, Prof. Lakdawala proposed introduction of state specific price changes in the adjustment of poverty lines. Thus state specific poverty lines were obtained.  ⇒ The 61st Round of NSSO provides poverty estimates based on Uniform Recall Period(URP) and Mixed Recall Period(MRP).  ⇒ The URP consumption data uses a 30day reference period for all items of consumption.  ⇒ The MRP consumption data uses a 365 day reference period for five infrequently purchased non-food items name...

⇒ United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has developed a composite index HDI for quantitative measure of human development.  ⇒ The concept of HDI is given by Mahbub-Ul-Haq of Pakistan and Amartya Sen of India.  ⇒ It includes (i) longevity of life, (ii) knowledge base and (iii) decent material standard of living.  ⇒ According to HDR 2011, the HDI for India was 0.547 in 2011 with an overall ranking of 134 out of 187 countries.  ⇒ Norway and Australia are at top two positions in HDI ranking 2011.  ⇒ Life Expectancy at birth in India was 65.4 years in 2011 as against 81.9 years in Australia and 81.1 years in Norway.  ⇒ In terms of Gender Inequalities Index (GII) India with a value of 0.617 ranks 129 out of a total of 187 countries as per HDR 2011.

⇒Unemployment in India is a very crucial problem.  ⇒ It is structural in nature. It is also cyclical.  ⇒ A person working 8 hours a day for 273 days of the year is regarded as employed on a standard person year basis.  ⇒ Due to conceptual and statistical difficulties the estimates of unemployment and underemployment both in rural and urban areas are neither accurate not reliable.  ⇒ Dantewala Committee was appointed in 1969 for estimation of unemployed.  ⇒ UPSS Concept-Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia (2001)  ⇒ Current Daily Status (CDS) Concept- Dr. S.P.Gupta (2002)  ⇒ Labour force grows at faster rate than employment rate  ⇒ The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) aimed at generation of 58 million work opportunities.  ⇒ According to NSSO data, during 2004-2005 and 2009-2010, the overall labour force expanded by only 11.7 million.  ⇒ As per result unemployment in absolute terms came down by 6.3 million.  ⇒ In 2009-2010, unemployment is l...

⇒ According to provisional data of 2011 census, the Indian population is 121Crore.  ⇒ India accounts for 2.4% of the world surface area and sustains about 17.2% of the World population.  ⇒ India is following the demographic transition pattern of all developing countries from initial levels of high birth rate – high death rate phase to the intermediate phase of high birth rate – low death rate with high population growth before reaching low birth rate- low death rate phase.  ⇒ There are various theories on population e.g. Malthusian Theory of Population Growth, Marxian Theory of Population Growth, Demographic Transition Theory etc.  ⇒ Malthus Thomas Robert gave the Malthusian Theory in 1798. His general view was that population tends to increase faster than means of subsistence. The fast increase in population absorbs all economic gains unless controlled by preventive and positive checks.  ⇒ Marx advocated that population is based on as a reaction to the capitali...

Total Fertility Rate: It measures the number of children born to a woman up to the end of reproductive period.  Birth Rate- Number of live births per year per 1000 of the population.  Death Rate- Number of deaths per year per 1000 of the population.  Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)- Number of deaths of children below one year of age per 1000 of the live births.  Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)- Number of maternal deaths of per 100000 births.  Life Expectancy- the average age at which people die.  Natural Increase- Excess of births over deaths per 1000 of population. This does not include increase in population due to immigration.  National Population Policy was adopted in 2000 with the objective to address the unmet needs for contraception, healthcare, infrastructure and health personnel and to provide integrated service for basic reproductive and child health care.